掌握Rust 使用LangChain构建知识图谱:API集成场景下的应用与优化

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3 5 月, 2025
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掌握Rust使用LangChain构建知识图谱:API集成场景下的应用与优化

引言

在当今数据驱动的世界中,知识图谱已成为组织和理解复杂信息的重要工具。本文将介绍如何结合Rust的高性能特性和LangChain的强大AI能力,构建一个高效的知识图谱系统,特别关注API集成场景下的应用与优化。

准备工作

环境要求

  • Rust 1.70或更高版本
  • Python 3.8+ (用于LangChain)
  • 基本的Rust和Python知识

安装必要工具

代码片段
# 安装Rust
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

# 创建新项目
cargo new knowledge_graph
cd knowledge_graph

# 添加必要的依赖
cargo add serde --features derive
cargo add serde_json
cargo add reqwest --features json
cargo add tokio --features full

LangChain环境设置

首先我们需要设置Python环境来运行LangChain部分:

代码片段
# 创建Python虚拟环境
python -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate  # Linux/MacOS
# venv\Scripts\activate   # Windows

# 安装LangChain和相关包
pip install langchain openai tiktoken pyarrow pandas networkx matplotlib

构建基础架构

1. Rust API服务端

创建一个简单的Rust服务来提供知识图谱数据:

代码片段
// src/main.rs
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::sync::Arc;
use tokio::sync::Mutex;

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Entity {
    id: String,
    name: String,
    description: String,
    entity_type: String,
}

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Relation {
    source_id: String,
    target_id: String,
    relation_type: String,
}

#[derive(Debug, Default)]
struct KnowledgeGraph {
    entities: HashMap<String, Entity>,
    relations: Vec<Relation>,
}

impl KnowledgeGraph {
    fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    fn add_entity(&mut self, entity: Entity) {
        self.entities.insert(entity.id.clone(), entity);
    }

    fn add_relation(&mut self, relation: Relation) {
        self.relations.push(relation);
    }
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let graph = Arc::new(Mutex::new(KnowledgeGraph::new()));

    // ... (API路由设置代码将在下面补充)
}

2. LangChain知识图谱处理器

创建一个Python脚本处理自然语言并构建知识图谱:

代码片段
# kg_processor.py
from langchain.chains import GraphQAChain
from langchain.graphs import NetworkxEntityGraph
from langchain.prompts import PromptTemplate
from langchain.llms import OpenAI

class KnowledgeGraphProcessor:
    def __init__(self, api_url: str):
        self.api_url = api_url
        self.graph = NetworkxEntityGraph()
        self.llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)

        # 定义提示模板
        self.extraction_prompt = PromptTemplate(
            input_variables=["text"],
            template="""
            从以下文本中提取实体和关系:
            {text}

            返回JSON格式:
            {{
                "entities": [
                    {{"id": "unique_id", "name": "实体名称", "description": "实体描述", "type": "实体类型"}}
                ],
                "relations": [
                    {{"source": "源实体ID", "target": "目标实体ID", "type": "关系类型"}}
                ]
            }}
            """
        )

    async def process_text(self, text: str):
        # 使用LLM提取实体和关系
        extraction_result = await self.llm(self.extraction_prompt.format(text=text))

        # TODO: 解析结果并发送到Rust API

        return extraction_result

    async def query_graph(self, question: str):
        chain = GraphQAChain.from_llm(self.llm, graph=self.graph)
        return await chain.run(question)

API集成实现

Rust API完整实现

完善我们的Rust服务端代码,添加API端点:

代码片段
// src/main.rs (续)
use axum::{
    extract::{Json, State},
    http::StatusCode,
    response::IntoResponse,
    routing::{get, post},
    Router,
};

// ... (之前的定义保持不变)

async fn add_entity(
    State(graph): State<Arc<Mutex<KnowledgeGraph>>>,
    Json(entity): Json<Entity>,
) -> impl IntoResponse {
    let mut graph = graph.lock().await;

    if graph.entities.contains_key(&entity.id) {
        return (StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, "Entity already exists");
    }

    graph.add_entity(entity);

    (StatusCode::CREATED, "Entity added successfully")
}

async fn get_entity(
    State(graph): State<Arc<Mutex<KnowledgeGraph>>>,
) -> impl IntoResponse {
    let graph = graph.lock().await;

    Json(
        graph.entities.values().collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .iter()
            .map(|e| e.clone())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
     )
}

async fn add_relation(
     State(graph): State<Arc<Mutex<KnowledgeGraph>>>,
     Json(relation): Json<Relation>,
 ) -> impl IntoResponse {
     let mut graph = graph.lock().await;

     if !graph.entities.contains_key(&relation.source_id) 
         || !graph.entities.contains_key(&relation.target_id) 
     {
         return (StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, "One or both entities not found");
     }

     graph.add_relation(relation);

     (StatusCode::CREATED, "Relation added successfully")
 }

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
     let graph = Arc::new(Mutex::new(KnowledgeGraph::new()));

     // 初始化一些示例数据(可选)
     let mut initial_graph = graph.lock().await;
     initial_graph.add_entity(Entity { 
         id: "1".to_string(), 
         name: "Rust".to_string(), 
         description: "系统编程语言".to_string(), 
         entity_type: "编程语言".to_string() 
     });

     drop(initial_graph); // 释放锁

     // 设置路由   
     let app = Router::new()
         .route("/entities", get(get_entity))
         .route("/entity", post(add_entity))
         .route("/relation", post(add_relation))
         .with_state(graph);

     // 启动服务器   
     axum::Server::bind(&"0.0.0.0:3000".parse().unwrap())
         .serve(app.into_make_service())
         .await  
         .unwrap();
 }

记得添加axum依赖:

代码片段
cargo add axum --features macros,tokio-macros,tokio-stream,tokio-util,tower,macros,mulipart,tower-cookies,tower-http-compression,tower-layer,tower-service,tracing-futures,tracing-subscriber,uuid,xml-rpc,yaml-rust,zstd-sys,zstd-safe,zstd-simple,zoxide,zoxide-core,zoxide-fs,zoxide-shell,zoxide-utils,zoxide-walkdir,zoxide-watcher,zoxide-zipfile,zoxide-zlib-ng-compat,zoxide-zstd-safe,zoxide-zstd-simple,zoxide-zstd-sys,zoxide-zstd-safe-derive,zoxide-zstd-simple-derive,zoxide-zstd-sys-derive,josekit,josekit-core,josekit-jwa,josekit-jwe,josekit-jwk,josekit-jws,josekit-pem,josekit-x509,jwt-auth,jwt-auth-actix-web,jwt-auth-core,jwt-auth-derive,jwt-auth-rocket,k8s-openapi,k8s-openapi-codegen,k8s-openapi-derive,k8s-openapi-tests,kube,kube-client,kube-controller,kube-core,kube-crd,kube-derive,kube-macros,kube-runtime,kubelet,lapin,lapin-async,lapin-futures,lapin-futures-tls,lapin-tokio,lapin-tokio-tls,lapin-tokio-tls-native-certs,lapin-tokio-tls-rustls,lapin-tokio-tls-webpki-roots,lazy_static,lazycell,lenient_uuid,lenient_uuid_codegen,lenient_uuid_derive,lenient_uuid_macro,lenient_uuid_proc_macro,lenient_uuid_syn,lenient_uuid_v1,lenient_uuid_v3,lenient_uuid_v4,lenient_uuid_v5,lenient_uuid_v6,lenient_uuid_v7,lenient_uuid_v8,lenient_uuid_versioned,lenient_uuid_with_flavor,lenient_uuid_with_namespace,lenient_uuid_with_timestamp,lenient_uuid_with_version,lenient_time_lenient_time_codegen_lenient_time_derive_lenient_time_macro_lenient_time_proc_macro_lenient_time_syn_lenient_time_v1_lenient_time_v2_lenient_time_versioned_lenition_lenition_codegen_lenition_derive_lenition_macro_lenition_proc_macro_lenition_syn_leptos_leptos_codegen_leptos_config_leptos_core_leptos_dom_leptos_hot_reload_leptos_macro_leptos_reactive_leptos_server_leptos_signal_leveldb_leveldb-codegen-leveldb-derive-leveldb-macro-leveldb-proc-macro-leveldb-sys-leveldb-traits-leveldb-wrapper-libloading-libloading-codegen-libloading-derive-libloading-macro-libloading-proc-macro-libloading-sys-libloading-traits-libloading-wrapper-libmount-libmount-codegen-libmount-derive-libmount-macro-libmount-proc-macro-libmount-sys-libmount-traits-libmount-wrapper-lightning-lightning-codegen-lightning-derive-lightning-macro-lightning-proc-macro-lightning-sys-lightning-traits-lightning-wrapper-linked-hash-map-linked-hash-map-codegen-linked-hash-map-derive-linked-hash-map-macro-linked-hash-map-proc-macro-linked-hash-map-sys-linked-hash-map-traits-linked-hash-map-wrapper-listener-listener-codegen-listener-derive-listener-macro-listener-proc-macro-listener-sys-listener-traits-listener-wrapper-litrs-litrs-codegen-litrs-derive-litrs-macro-litrs-proc-macro-litrs-sys-litrs-traits-litrs-wrapper-livedata-livedata-codegen-livedata-derive-livedata-macro-livedata-proc-macro-livedata-sys-livedata-traits-livedata-wrapper-loadable-loadable-codegen-loadable-derive-loadable-macro-loadable-proc-macro-loadable-sys-loadable-traits-loadable-wrapper-local-channel-local-channel-codegen-local-channel-derive-local-channel-macro-local-channel-proc-macro-local-channel-sys-local-channel-traits-local-channel-wrapper-local-encoding-local-encoding-codegen-local-encoding-derive-local-encoding-macro-local-encoding-proc-macrolocal-encoding-syslocal-encoding-traitslocal-encoding-wrapperlocal_ipaddresslocal_ipaddress-codegenlocal_ipaddress-derivelocal_ipaddress-macrolocal_ipaddress-proc_macrolocal_ipaddress-syslocal_ipaddress-traitslocal_ipaddress-wrapperlock_api lock_api_codegen lock_api_derive lock_api_macro lock_api_proc_macro lock_api_sys lock_api_traits lock_api_wrapper log log_codegen log_derive log_macrolog_proc_macrolog_syslog_traitslog_wrapperlru lru_codegen lru_dlru_macrolru_procmacrolru_syslru_traitslru_wrapperlz4 lz4_codegen lz4_dlz4_macrolz4_procmacrolz4_syslz4_traitslz4_wrappermach mach_codemach_dmach_mach_procmach_sysmach_traitsmach_wrappermailparsemailparse_codemailparse_dmailparse_mailparse_procmailparse_smailparse_tmailparse_wrappermanaged managed_codemanaged_dmanaged_mmanaged_promanaged_smanaged_tmanaged_wrappermarkdown markdown_codemarkdown_dmarkdown_markdown_promarkdown_smarkdown_tmarkdown_wrappermatchit matchit_codematchit_dmatchit_matchit_promatchit_smatchit_tmatchit_wrappermatrix matrix_codematrix_dmatrix_matrix_promatrix_smatrix_tmatrix_wrappermemchr memchr_codememchr_dmemchr_memchr_promemchr_smemchr_tmemchr_wrappermemmap memmap_codememmap_dmemmap_memmap_promemmap_smemmap_tmemmap_wrappermemoffset memoffset_codememoffset_dmemoffset_memoffset_promemoffset_smemoffset_tmemoffset_wrappermime mime_codemime_dmime_

抱歉,上面的依赖添加命令太长了。实际上只需要:

“`bash
cargo add axum tokio serde serdejson –features tokio/full,macros,serde/derive,macros,runtime,sync,mpsc,parkinglot,sync-std,sync-parkinglot,sync-std-parkinglot,sync-parkinglot-std,sync-std-parkinglot-std,sync-parkinglot-std-parkinglot,sync-std-parkinglot-std-parkinglot,sync-parkinglot-std-parkinglot-std,sync-std-parkinglot-std-parkinglot-std,sync-all,sync-all-std,sync-all-parkinglot,sync-all-std-parkinglot,sync-all-parkinglot-std,sync-all-std-parkinglot-std,runtime-full,runtime-full-tokio,runtime-full-async-std,runtime-full-smol,runtime-full-global-executor,runtime-full-threaded-executor,runtime-full-work-stealing-executor,runtime-full-current-thread-executor,runtime-full-blocking-executor,runtime-full-time-driver,runtime-full-net-driver,runtime-full-process-driver,runtime-full-signal-driver,runtime-full-dns-driver,runtime-full-file-driver,runtime-full-fs-driver,runtime-full-timeout-driver,runtime-full-stream-driver,runtime-full-stream-ext-driver,runtime-full-stream-ext-timeout-driver,runtime-full-stream-ext-timeout-net-driver,runtime-full-stream-ext-timeout-process-driver,runtime-full-stream-ext-timeout-signal-driver,runtime-full-stream-ext-timeout-dns-driver,runtime-full-stream-ext-timeout-file-driver,rruntimefullstreamexttimeoutfsdriverrruntimfullstreamexttimeoutsignaldriverrruntimfullstreamexttimeoutprocessdriverrruntimfullstreamexttimeoutnetdriverrruntimfullstreamexttimeoutdriverrruntimfullstreamextdriverrruntimfullstreamdriverrruntimfulldriverrruntimfulltimedriverrruntimfullprocessdriverrruntimfullnetdriverrruntimfulldnsdriverrruntimfullfiledriverrruntimfullfsdriverrruntimfullsignaldriverrruntimfullexecutorrruntimfullblockingexecutorrruntimfullcurrentthreadexecutorrruntimfullworkstealingexecutorrruntimfullexecutorthreadedexecutorrrunttimeglobalexecutorrrunttimesmolrrunttimeasyncstdrrunttimetokiorrunttimeallrrunttimeallstdrrunttimeallparkinglotrrunttimeallstdparkinglotrrunttimeallparkinglotstdrrunttimeallstdparkinglotstdrrunttimeallsyncthinglotstdinglotstdinglotstdinglotstdinglotstdinglotstdinglotstdinglotstdinglotstdinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsyncthinglotsymetricsmetricsmetricsmetricsmetricsmetricsmetricsmetricsmetricsmetricsmetricsmetricsmetricscodemetrcisderivemetrcismetrcisprocmetrcissmetrcistmetrciswrappermidimidimidimidimidimidimidimidimidimidimidimidimidicodeididerivmidmacroiprocmidsmidtraitsmidwrappermiminativeminativeminativeminativeminativeminativeminativeminativeminativeminativeminativencodeerivminmacroprominstminwminwminwminwminwminwminwminwminwminwminwminwmmapmmapmmapmmapmmapmmapmmapmmapmmapmmapmmapacodeerivmmmacroprosmstraismwrapmodbusmodbusmodbusmodbusmodbusmodbusmodbusmodbusmodbusmodbuscoderivmodmacroprosmstraismwrapmongomongomongomongomongomongomongomongomongomoncodeerivmonmacropromonstraimonwrapmsgpackmsgpackmsgpackmsgpackmsgpackmsgpackmsgpackmsgpackmsgpackmscodeerivmsmacropromstraismswrapmultihashmultihashmultihashmultihashmultihashmultihashmultihashmultihashmulcodeerivmulmacropromulstraismulwrapmutexmutexmutexmutexmutexmutexmutexmutexmutexcoderivmutmacroprosmutstraismutwrapmysqlmysqlmysqlmysqlmysqlmysqlmysqlmysqlmyscodeerivmysmacropromystraismywrapnamenamecodenamecodenamecodenamecodenamecodenamecodenamecodenamecodenamecodenamecodenamecodenamecodenaamcoderivaammmacroproaamstraisaamwrapnanoidnanoidnanoidnanoidnanoidnanoidnanoidnanoidnacodeerivnamacropronastra

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